1. Determination of Acceleration Due to Gravity (g)

Aim: To determine the value of gravitational acceleration.

Apparatus: Stand, clamp, string, pendulum bob, stopwatch, ruler.

Procedure:

• Measure length (L) of pendulum.
• Displace and release the bob.
• Measure time for 10 oscillations.
• Repeat with different lengths.

Formula: \( g = \frac{4\pi^2L}{T^2} \)

Graph: T² vs L

2. Verifying T² ∝ L

Aim: To verify that time period squared is directly proportional to pendulum length.

Procedure:

• Use several pendulum lengths.
• Measure time for 10 swings for each length.
• Calculate T = t/10, then T².

Graph: T² vs L (straight line)

3. Plotting T² vs L to Find g from the Slope

Aim: To calculate gravitational acceleration from the slope.

Formula: \( T^2 = \frac{4\pi^2}{g}L \rightarrow g = \frac{4\pi^2}{\text{slope}} \)

Graph: T² on y-axis, L on x-axis

4. Effect of Amplitude on Time Period

Aim: To investigate how amplitude affects the pendulum’s time period.

• Keep length constant.
• Change amplitude (5°, 10°, 15°, etc.)
• Measure time for 10 oscillations each time.

Expected Result: Time period remains constant.

5. Effect of Mass on Time Period

Aim: To observe how mass affects the pendulum’s time period.

• Use same length and amplitude.
• Change bob masses (50g, 100g, etc.)
• Record time for 10 swings.

Expected Result: Time period is unaffected by mass.

📋 Summary Table