Comprehensive Notes on Basic Concepts in Wireless Communication

Objectives: Comprehensive Notes on Basic Concepts in Wireless Communication

Comprehensive Notes on Basic Concepts in Wireless Communication (28 Concepts)

Comprehensive Notes on Basic Concepts in Wireless Communication (28 Concepts)

1. Wireless Communication

Definition: Wireless communication is the transfer of information from one place to another without using physical wires, using electromagnetic waves.

Example: Making a phone call using a mobile phone instead of a wired telephone.

2. Wireless Signal

Definition: A wireless signal is an electrical or electromagnetic wave that carries information through the air.

Example: The signal sent from a Wi-Fi router to your laptop.

3. Transmitter

Definition: A transmitter is a device that generates and sends a signal into the air.

Example: A mobile phone sending voice data during a call.

4. Receiver

Definition: A receiver is a device that captures a signal from the air and converts it back into information.

Example: A radio receiving music from a radio station.

5. Antenna

Definition: An antenna is a component that radiates signals into the air or receives signals from the air.

Example: The metal rod on an FM radio.

6. Wireless Propagation

Definition: Wireless propagation is the way radio waves travel through space, including reflection, diffraction, and scattering.

Example: A radio signal bending around buildings to reach a listener.

7. Radio Wave

Definition: A radio wave is a type of electromagnetic wave used to carry wireless signals.

Example: FM radio waves used for broadcasting music.

8. Radio Wave Equation and Its Parts

Definition: A radio wave can be described using properties such as frequency, wavelength, amplitude, and phase.

Main parts with examples:
Frequency: How fast the wave oscillates (FM radio ≈ 100 MHz)
Amplitude: Strength of the wave (higher = louder sound)
Wavelength: Distance between wave peaks
Phase: Position of the wave at a point in time

9. Frequency

Definition: Frequency is the number of times a wave repeats per second, measured in Hertz (Hz).

Example: An FM radio station at 99.5 MHz.

10. Spectrum

Definition: The spectrum is the entire range of electromagnetic frequencies used for communication.

Example: Radio, TV, Wi-Fi, and mobile signals all occupy different parts of the spectrum.

11. Bandwidth in Analog Transmission

Definition: Bandwidth is the range of frequencies used by an analog signal.

Example: An FM radio station using frequencies from 100.1 MHz to 100.3 MHz.

12. Bandwidth in Digital Transmission

Definition: Bandwidth refers to the data-carrying capacity of a channel, usually measured in bits per second (bps).

Example: A 10 Mbps internet connection.

13. Coherence Bandwidth

Definition: Coherence bandwidth is the range of frequencies over which a channel behaves the same.

Example: If a signal bandwidth is smaller than the coherence bandwidth, it experiences less distortion.

14. Channel

Definition: A channel is the medium through which a signal travels from transmitter to receiver.

Example: Air between a mobile phone and a base station.

15. Modulation

Definition: Modulation is the process of changing a carrier signal to carry information.

Example: Changing a radio wave to carry voice data.

16. Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Definition: AM is a technique where the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied according to the message signal.

Example: AM radio broadcasting.

17. Frequency Modulation (FM)

Definition: FM is a technique where the frequency of the carrier wave is varied based on the message.

Example: FM radio stations used for music.

18. Wireless Transmission

Definition: Wireless transmission is the sending of data through the air using electromagnetic waves.

Example: Sending a text message using a mobile network.

19. Limitations of Wireless Communication

Definition: Wireless communication has challenges that reduce signal quality and reliability.

Example: Poor signal during heavy rain or inside buildings.

20. Types of Transmission

Definition: Ways in which data is sent over a channel.

Common types:
Simplex: One-way (TV broadcast)
Half-duplex: Two-way but one at a time (walkie-talkie)
Full-duplex: Two-way simultaneously (phone call)

21. Multiple Access Control Methods

Definition: Methods that allow many users to share the same communication channel.

Examples:
FDMA: Different frequencies
TDMA: Different time slots
CDMA: Different codes
OFDMA: Combination of time and frequency

22. Cellular Network

Definition: A cellular network divides a large area into small cells, each served by a base station.

Example: Mobile phone networks like GSM, 3G, 4G, and 5G.

23. Radio Frequency (RF)

Definition: Radio frequency refers to frequencies used for wireless communication, typically from 3 kHz to 300 GHz.

Example: Wi-Fi operating at 2.4 GHz.

24. Radio Channel

Definition: A radio channel is a specific frequency band used to transmit a radio signal.

Example: A GSM voice channel.

25. Communication Channel

Definition: A communication channel is any path that carries information from sender to receiver.

Example: Fiber cable (wired) or air (wireless).

26. Narrowband Systems

Definition: Narrowband systems use a small bandwidth.

Example: AM radio communication.

27. Wideband Systems

Definition: Wideband systems use a large bandwidth, allowing higher data rates.

Example: Wi-Fi and 4G networks.

28. Limitations of Wireless Communication (Detailed)

Definition: Attenuation: Signal becomes weaker over distance
Distortion: Signal shape changes
Dispersion: Signal spreads in time
Interference: Unwanted signals affect communication

Examples:
Attenuation: Weak mobile signal far from a tower
Distortion: Unclear audio during a call
Dispersion: Overlapping data bits
Interference: Noise from other Wi-Fi networks

Reference Book: N/A

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