1.1 Nouns (Majina)

Use: Name of a person, place, thing, or idea (Jina la mtu, mahali, kitu, au wazo)

• Common Nouns: cat, school, book (Kawaida)
• Proper Nouns: Alice, Tanzania (Maeneo maalum)
• Abstract Nouns: love, freedom (Wazo au hali isiyoonekana)
• Collective Nouns: team, family (Kikundi cha watu au vitu)

1.2 Pronouns (Viwakilishi)

Use: Replace nouns (Kuchukua nafasi ya jina)

• Personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
• Possessive: my, your, his, her, its, our, their
• Demonstrative: this, that, these, those
• Relative: who, which, that
• Interrogative: who, what, which

1.3 Verbs (Vitenzi)

Use: Action or state (Kitendo au hali)

• Action Verbs: run, eat, read
• Stative Verbs: know, love, believe (Hali au hisia)
• Auxiliary Verbs: be, do, have
• Modal Verbs: can, could, may, might, must, should, will, would

1.4 Adjectives (Vitenzi vya sifa)

Use: Describe nouns (Kueleza majina)

• Examples: beautiful, tall, red
• Comparative: taller, more beautiful
• Superlative: tallest, most beautiful

1.5 Adverbs (Viambatisho)

Use: Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (Kueleza kitendo, sifa, au viambatisho vingine)

• Manner: quickly, slowly
• Time: now, yesterday
• Frequency: always, often
• Place: here, there

1.6 Prepositions (Viunganishi vya mahali/muda)

Use: Show relationship (Onyesha uhusiano kati ya maneno)

• Place: in, on, at
• Time: at, on, in
• Direction: to, into, towards

1.7 Conjunctions (Vihusishi)

Use: Connect words or sentences (Kuunganisha maneno au sentensi)

• Coordinating: and, but, or, so, for
• Subordinating: because, although, if, when
• Correlative: either…or, neither…nor

1.8 Interjections (Vimwisho vya hisia)

Use: Express strong feeling (Kuonyesha hisia kali)

• Wow!, Oh no!, Hurray!

Question 1: Identify the noun(s) in the sentence: "The cat sleeps on the mat."

Answer: cat, mat

Explanation: Nouns are words that name a person, place, thing, or idea. Here, cat (thing/animal) and mat (thing) are nouns.

Question 2: Choose the correct verb form: "She ___ to school every day."

Options: go / goes

Answer: goes

Rule: Present simple tense for he/she/it requires adding -s to the base verb.

Question 3: Transform into passive voice: "The teacher explains the lesson."

Answer: The lesson is explained by the teacher.

Rule: Passive voice: Object + form of "to be" + past participle + (by subject).

Question 4: Fill in the blank with correct preposition: "He is interested ___ music."

Answer: in

Rule: Certain adjectives are followed by specific prepositions. "Interested" is always followed by "in".

Question 5: Identify the type of sentence: "I wanted to go home, but it was raining."

Answer: Compound sentence

Rule: Compound sentence has two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (but, and, or).

Question 6: Correct the error: "He don't like apples."

Answer: He doesn't like apples.

Rule: Subject-verb agreement. Third person singular in present simple uses "does not" (doesn't) instead of "do not".

Question 7: Identify the adverb in the sentence: "She runs very fast."

Answer: very, fast

Rule: Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. "Fast" describes how she runs, "very" modifies "fast".

Question 8: Fill in the correct article: "I saw ___ elephant in the zoo."

Answer: an

Rule: Use "an" before vowel sounds. Elephant starts with a vowel sound "e".

Question 9: Rewrite in indirect speech: "He said, 'I am tired.'"

Answer: He said that he was tired.

Rule: Change pronoun and tense when converting direct speech to indirect speech.

Question 10: Choose correct conditional: "If I ___ you, I would study harder."

Options: am / were / was

Answer: were

Rule: Second conditional: unreal present, use "were" for all subjects.

Question 11: Choose correct verb tense: "I ___ my homework before dinner yesterday."

Options: finish / finished / have finished

Answer: finished

Rule: Past simple is used for completed actions at a specific time in the past ("yesterday").

Question 12: Identify the adjective: "The bright sun warmed the chilly morning."

Answer: bright, chilly

Rule: Adjectives describe nouns. "Bright" describes "sun", "chilly" describes "morning".

Question 13: Fill in modal verb: "You ___ finish your work before leaving."

Answer: must

Rule: Must expresses obligation or necessity.

Question 14: Identify pronouns: "She gave me her book."

Answer: She, me, her

Rule: Pronouns replace nouns or refer to someone. Here: "She" (subject), "me" (object), "her" (possessive).

Question 15: Correct the sentence: "Him going to the market."

Answer: He is going to the market.

Rule: Subject pronoun "He" must be used with auxiliary verb "is" to form present continuous.

Question 16: Identify the adverb of frequency: "I often visit my grandmother."

Answer: often

Rule: Adverbs of frequency show how often something happens (always, often, sometimes, never).

Question 17: Convert to negative: "She has finished her homework."

Answer: She has not finished her homework.

Rule: Present perfect negative: add "not" after "has/have".

Question 18: Identify the preposition: "The cat is under the table."

Answer: under

Rule: Prepositions show location, time, or direction. "Under" shows place.

Question 19: Complete the conditional sentence: "If it rains tomorrow, I ___ at home."

Answer: will stay

Rule: First conditional: If + present simple, will + base verb. Used for real future possibilities.

Question 20: Identify subject and predicate: "The students are studying in the library."

Answer: Subject: The students; Predicate: are studying in the library

Rule: Every sentence has a subject (who/what) and predicate (what they do or is happening).

Question 21: Change to passive voice: "They built a new bridge."

Answer: A new bridge was built by them.

Rule: Passive: Object becomes subject + form of "to be" + past participle + (by agent).

Question 22: Correct the sentence: "I have saw that movie."

Answer: I have seen that movie.

Rule: Present perfect: use past participle (V3), not past simple form.

Question 23: Identify the type of sentence: "Although it was raining, we went out."

Answer: Complex sentence

Rule: Complex sentence = 1 main clause + 1 subordinate clause. Subordinate clause starts with subordinating conjunction (although).

Question 24: Choose correct word: "I have ___ apples than you."

Options: more / most

Answer: more

Rule: Comparative adjective: used to compare two things. "Most" is superlative for three or more.

Question 25: Correct the mistake: "She can sings very well."

Answer: She can sing very well.

Rule: Modal verbs (can, should, must...) are followed by base verb without -s or -ing.

Question 26: Fill in the blank with correct tense: "By next year, I ___ here for five years."

Answer: will have been working

Rule: Future perfect continuous: Subject + will + have + been + verb(-ing). Shows duration continuing up to a point in future.

Question 27: Identify the interjection: "Wow! That was amazing."

Answer: Wow!

Rule: Interjections express strong emotion or feeling.

Question 28: Choose correct word: "He is taller ___ his brother."

Answer: than

Rule: Comparative structure: adjective + than to compare two things.

Question 29: Direct speech: Convert to indirect: "She said, 'I will help you.'"

Answer: She said that she would help me.

Rule: Tense backshift: future simple "will" becomes "would" in indirect speech; pronoun changes too.

Question 30: Identify the conjunction: "I wanted to go, but I was too tired."

Answer: but

Rule: Coordinating conjunction connects two independent clauses.

Question 31: Correct the error: "He don’t like coffee."

Answer: He doesn’t like coffee.

Rule: Third person singular in present simple uses "does not" (doesn’t), not "do not".

Question 32: Fill in correct preposition: "She is good ___ math."

Answer: at

Rule: Certain adjectives require specific prepositions. "Good" → "good at".

Question 33: Change to past perfect: "I finish my homework before dinner."

Answer: I had finished my homework before dinner.

Rule: Past perfect: had + past participle. Shows an action completed before another past action.

Question 34: Identify the adverb in: "She speaks very clearly."

Answer: very, clearly

Rule: Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. "Clearly" modifies "speaks"; "very" modifies "clearly".

Question 35: Choose correct article: "___ Eiffel Tower is in Paris."

Answer: The

Rule: Use "the" with specific or unique nouns.

Question 36: Conditional: "If I had studied, I ___ passed."

Answer: would have

Rule: Third conditional: unreal past → If + past perfect, would have + past participle.

Question 37: Active to passive: "They are painting the house."

Answer: The house is being painted by them.

Rule: Present continuous passive: am/is/are + being + past participle.

Question 38: Identify type of sentence: "Because it was raining, we stayed indoors."

Answer: Complex sentence

Rule: Complex = main clause + subordinate clause (introduced by subordinating conjunction).

Question 39: Correct: "He is more taller than his brother."

Answer: He is taller than his brother.

Rule: Do not use "more" with adjectives that already take -er. Comparative structure: adjective + than.

Question 40: Fill in the blank: "She ___ (write) letters every day."

Answer: writes

Rule: Present simple tense: third person singular adds -s.

Question 41: Identify pronoun type: "This is the book that I told you about."

Answer: Relative pronoun: that

Rule: Relative pronouns connect clauses to nouns (who, which, that).

Question 42: Correct tense: "I ___ (live) here since 2010."

Answer: have lived

Rule: Present perfect: actions started in past and continue to present (since/for).

Question 43: Identify subject and predicate: "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."

Answer: Subject: The quick brown fox; Predicate: jumps over the lazy dog

Rule: Subject = who/what does the action, predicate = what they do.

Question 44: Choose correct modal: "You ___ not smoke in the classroom."

Answer: must

Rule: "Must" expresses strong obligation.

Question 45: Identify the adverb of manner: "He solved the problem cleverly."

Answer: cleverly

Rule: Adverbs of manner describe how an action is done.

Question 46: Direct speech: Convert: "I have finished my homework," he said.

Answer: He said that he had finished his homework.

Rule: Present perfect → past perfect when changing to indirect speech.

Question 47: Choose correct question form: "___ you ever been to London?"

Answer: Have

Rule: Present perfect question: Have/Has + subject + past participle.

Question 48: Fill correct preposition: "She is afraid ___ dogs."

Answer: of

Rule: Certain adjectives require specific prepositions. "Afraid" → "afraid of".

Question 49: Active to passive: "The chef is preparing dinner."

Answer: Dinner is being prepared by the chef.

Rule: Present continuous passive: is/are + being + past participle.

Question 50: Identify type of sentence: "Could you please help me with this task?"

Answer: Interrogative sentence

Rule: Interrogative sentences ask questions and end with a question mark.